## 4.5 If / Else

Building on our logical operators, there will often be times where you want to split the logic of your code depending on a criteria. For example, if you've created a function that can accept a character string or a number, you might want to split the body of the function to do something slightly different depending on the class of the provided argument.

If / else statements in R has a simple structure:

if (criteria_statement) {
what_you_want_to_do
} else if (other_criteria) {
something_else_you_want_to_do
} else {
something_you_want_to_do_if_all_else_fails
}

Putting this into practice, a real If / else block may look like this:

x <- 1
if (x == 1) {
return("x is 1")
} else if (x == 2) {
return("x is 2")
} else {
return("x is not 1 or 2")
}
## [1] "x is 1"

Implementing this in a function could look like this:

what_is_it <- function(x) {
if (is.character(x)) {
return("x is a character")
} else if (is.numeric(x)) {
return("x is numeric")
} else {
return("x is something else")
}
}

what_is_it("hello")
## [1] "x is a character"
what_is_it(2)
## [1] "x is numeric"
what_is_it(TRUE)
## [1] "x is something else"

### 4.5.1 Questions

1. Rather than writing if (x == 1 | x == 2 | x == 3), how could you use the %in% operator to make it shorter?
2. How does the switch() function relate to if / else statements?